Sexual dimorphism has long been observed in diverse physiological or disease conditions. However, mechanisms of such phenomena remain incompletely understood. In particular, whether sex differences in neuroimmune crosstalk within specific organs may contribute to those pathophysiological contexts is mostly uncharted. Over the past decade, Prof. Yang's research group has pioneered several frontiers of neuroimmunology by combining human clinical data, animal disease models, advanced imaging techniques, multi-omics analyses, and other interdisciplinary approaches. His recent findings have elucidated key neuroimmune interactions underlying the sexual dimorphism of important human diseases.