Adaptive social behavior necessitates the seamless integration of internal reproductive states, developmental experiences, and real-time emotional context. Here, we elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying this adaptability across three biological scales and species models. First, we delineate the neural circuit mechanisms governing reproductive state-dependent behavioral switching in male mice. We demonstrate that a single mating experience triggers a dual temporal shift: a short-term suppression of mating motivation (typically lasting 3-5 days) and a long-term transition from infanticide to parental care (emerging over 7-14 days). Mechanistically, this switch is orchestrated by a subset of ejaculation-activated neurons in the amygdala complex receiving pheromone inputs. Second, we examine how social strategies are refined during development in juvenile rats. We find that Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) dopamine dynamics encode the incentive salience of specific social microstructures. This dopaminergic signaling plays a critical role in shaping sex-specific behavioral strategies, a developmental process found to be disrupted in Shank3-deficient models of autism. Third, to investigate the adaptive regulation of social behaviors in non-human primates, we developed a Wi-Fi-based wireless recording system to perform calcium imaging in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) of freely interacting marmosets. We identified distinct neuronal ensembles responsive to fear cues, social contexts, and vocal production. Our preliminary analysis suggests a dynamic interplay between the activity of fear-associated neurons and the neural representation of vocalizations and social contact, offering a potential cortical substrate for gating social expression based on real-time emotional state. Collectively, our work outlines a constructive hierarchy of social adaptation: foundational subcortical circuits manage rigid, state-dependent switches in innate drives; mesolimbic systems overlay this with developmental plasticity to assign incentive salience to social interactions; and cortical networks provide a cognitive level of flexible control, integrating these internal and external signals to navigate complex social environments.